# Sanitary Pad Materials: Composition and Properties

## Introduction to Sanitary Pad Materials

Sanitary pads are essential feminine hygiene products designed to absorb menstrual flow. The materials used in their construction play a crucial role in determining their effectiveness, comfort, and safety. Modern sanitary pads consist of multiple layers, each serving a specific purpose in fluid absorption, leak prevention, and skin protection.

## Core Components of Sanitary Pads

### 1. Top Sheet (Cover Layer)

The top sheet is the layer that comes in direct contact with the skin. It’s typically made from:

– Nonwoven polypropylene or polyethylene
– Perforated plastic films
– Cotton or other natural fibers (in organic options)

Key properties:
– Soft and comfortable
– Quick-drying surface
– Allows liquid to pass through easily

### 2. Absorbent Core

This is the central layer responsible for fluid absorption. Common materials include:

– Fluff pulp (wood cellulose)
– Superabsorbent polymers (SAP)
– Combination of both

Absorption capacity:
– Regular pads: 5-15 ml
– Super pads: 15-30 ml
– Overnight pads: 30+ ml

### 3. Back Sheet

The bottom layer prevents leaks and keeps moisture from reaching clothing. Materials include:

– Polyethylene film
– Breathable microporous films
– Biodegradable materials in eco-friendly options

Important characteristics:
– Liquid-proof
– Flexible
– Quiet (no crinkling sound)

## Additional Features and Materials

### Adhesive Components

– Pressure-sensitive adhesive for pad attachment to underwear
– Wing adhesives for secure fit
– Siliconized paper release liner

### Fragrance and Deodorizers

Some pads include:
– Perfume microcapsules
– Activated charcoal layers
– Baking soda compounds

### Specialized Variants

– Cooling gel pads (containing menthol or aloe vera)
– Antibacterial treatments (silver ions or plant extracts)
– Organic cotton options (for sensitive skin)

## Material Safety and Considerations

When choosing sanitary pads, consider:

– Hypoallergenic properties
– Absence of harmful chemicals (dioxins, chlorine, pesticides)
– Breathability to reduce skin irritation
– Biodegradability for environmental impact

Recent innovations focus on developing more sustainable materials like bamboo fiber, corn starch-based plastics, and completely biodegradable SAP alternatives.